After World War II Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. The overwhelming majority of Gibraltarians strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe's most ancient cities Cádiz and Málaga. There was then an extraordinary flowering of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular. [i][30] Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbours exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. The famous Don Quijote de La Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes was written in this time. The War of the Spanish Succession was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent. Pro 1 Mio Einwohner gibt es 43,3 Organspender, die USA hat 28,2 , Frankreich 28,1 und Deutschland 10,9. 19/11/2019. [140] The Defence Staff (Estado Mayor de la Defensa) assists the JEMAD as auxiliary body. Werfen Sie einen Blick auf die aktuellen Statistiken, Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Einwanderungsdaten in Valencia, Spanien [266], Francisco Goya painted during a historical period that includes the Spanish Independence War, the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states. [131][132], The Spanish claim makes a distinction between the isthmus that connects the Rock to the Spanish mainland on the one hand, and the Rock and city of Gibraltar on the other. In June 1976, Spain's new King Juan Carlos dismissed Carlos Arias Navarro and appointed the reformer Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance to their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community,[151] the Canary Islands,[152] the Balearic Islands,[153] and Aragon.[154]. Blog - Folge uns auf Twitter - Kaufen Sie ein Poster - Contact us by email, © December 2019 by PopulationPyramid.net, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/, Bevölkerungspyramiden der Welt von 1950 bis 2100, Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19), Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population), Antiretroviral therapy coverage for PMTCT (% of pregnant women living with HIV), Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people living with HIV), Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total), Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs (% of children under age 5 with fever), Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%), Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79), Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding), GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$), Health expenditure per capita (current US$), Immunization, BCG (% of one-year-old children) - Turberculosis, Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months) - Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and Tetanus, Immunization, HepB3 (% of one-year-old children) - Hepatitis B, Immunization, Hib3 (% of children ages 12-23 months) - Meningitis, Pneumonia, and Epiglottitis, Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months), Immunization, Polio (% of one-year-old children), Incidence of HIV (% of uninfected population ages 15-49), Incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk), Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), Labor force, female (% of total labor force), Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above), Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above), Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24), People practicing open defecation, urban (% of urban population), Population ages 65 and above (% of total), Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49), Prevalence of overweight, female (% of female adults), Prevalence of overweight, male (% of male adults), Prevalence of overweight (% of children under 5), Prevalence of syphilis (% of women attending antenatal care), Public spending on education, total (% of GDP), Risk of impoverishing expenditure for surgical care (% of people at risk), School enrollment, secondary, male (% net), Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births), Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults), Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population), Tuberculosis death rate (per 100,000 people), Unemployment, total (% of total labor force), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. The Christian army's victory over Muslim forces led to the creation of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias along the northwestern coastal mountains. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate. In the 8th century, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered (711–718) by largely Moorish Muslim armies from North Africa. The Celts inhabited much of the inner and Atlantic sides of the peninsula, from the northwest to the southwest. Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a parliamentary monarchy,[15] with King Felipe VI as head of state. They reside primarily on the Mediterranean coast and the Balearic islands, where many choose to live their retirement or telecommute. Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. New cultural movements based on freedom appeared, like La Movida Madrileña and a culture of human rights arose with Gregorio Peces-Barba. [50] There were mass killings in Aragon in the mid-14th century, and 12,000 Jews were killed in Toledo. Die Bevölkerungsdichte beträgt ca. In the Basque Country, moderate Basque nationalism coexisted with a radical nationalist movement led by the armed organisation ETA until the latter's dissolution in May 2018. Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure has made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. [229] The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects like Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide renown. The only legal party under Franco's dictatorship was the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS (FET y de las JONS), formed in 1937 upon the merging of the Fascist Falange Española de las JONS and the Carlist traditionalists and to which the rest of right-wing groups supporting the rebels also added. [citation needed] [35][36], The Muslim community in the Iberian Peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, a West Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region. In 2011, Mariano Rajoy's conservative People's Party won the election with 44.6% of votes. During the Romantic period, José Zorrilla created one of the most emblematic figures in European literature in Don Juan Tenorio. These are two exclaves located in the northern African coast. 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(letztes Update: 30.12.2020) Gesamtbevölkerung. Recared, son of Liuvigild and brother of St. Hermengild, added religious unity to the political unity achieved by his father, accepting the Catholic faith in the Third Council of Toledo (589). [94] The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but has continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy. While not an official member, Spain has a "Permanent Invitation" to the G20 summits, participating in every summit, which makes it a de facto member of the group.[17]. corona-data.ch wurde vor kurzem aktualisiert und ist, wegen dem damit verbundenen Zeitaufwand, für veraltete Browser wie Internet Explorer nicht mehr verfügbar. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the United Provinces and then England; that by the 1660s it was struggling grimly to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. It is some 47,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi) smaller than France and 81,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi) larger than the US state of California. Salvador de Madariaga, another prominent intellectual and writer, was one of the founders of the College of Europe and the composer of the constitutive manifest of the Liberal International. In the early modern period, Spain ruled one of the largest empires in history which was also one of the first global empires, spawning a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones,[14] making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. The next supposed "generation" of Spanish writers following those of '98 already calls into question the value of such terminology. After years of combat, Comuneros Juan López de Padilla, Juan Bravo and Francisco Maldonado were executed and María Pacheco went into exile. In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as Isaac Albéniz, Manuel de Falla and Enrique Granados and singers and performers such as Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Montserrat Caballé, Alicia de Larrocha, Alfredo Kraus, Pablo Casals, Ricardo Viñes, José Iturbi, Pablo de Sarasate, Jordi Savall and Teresa Berganza. [100] In 2005 the Spanish government legalised same sex marriage. Demographics of Italy 2020. [194] Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%). In 2008, Spain granted citizenship to 84,170 persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco. All were scholars of their national literary heritage, again evidence of the impact of the calls of regeneracionistas and the Generation of 1898 for Spanish intelligence to turn at least partially inwards. The regime remained chiefly "neutral" from a nominal standpoint in the Second World War (it briefly switched its position to "non-belligerent"), although it was sympathetic to the Axis and provided the Nazi Wehrmacht with Spanish volunteers in the Eastern Front. The Byzantines established an occidental province, Spania, in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, José Ortega y Gasset—a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Unemployment stood at 17.1% in June 2017,[157] below Spain's early 1990s unemployment rate of at over 20%. During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing open society. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age", "A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline", "Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración", "Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship", "US to clean up Spanish radioactive site 49 years after plane crash", "El contubernio que preparó la democracia", "Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya! World Health Organization Coronavirus disease situation dashboard presents official daily counts of COVID-19 cases and deaths worldwide, while providing a hub to other resources. During the period of Muslim rule in Al-Andalus, Muslim, Jewish and Christian philosophies flourished, including the works of such philosophers such as Ibn Arabi, Averroes and Maimonides. The number of foreigners (i.e. [citation needed], The Enlightenment in Spain arrived later and was less strong than in other European countries, but during the XIX century liberal ideas arrived in Spanish society. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a cultural renaissance and steady economic growth until the beginning of the 21st century, that started a new globalised world with economic and ecological challenges. [249] In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the Formación Profesional Básica (basic vocational education); the Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio or CFGM (medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior or CFGS (higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level.[250]. [252] The total health spending is 9.4% of the GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the OECD. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were Julio González, Pablo Gargallo, Eduardo Chillida, and Pablo Serrano. Health and education systems among others are managed by the Spanish communities, and in addition, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on foral provisions. During the Renaissance the major plays are La Celestina and El Lazarillo de Tormes, while many religious literature was created with poets as Luis de León, San Juan de la Cruz, Santa Teresa de Jesús, etc. Datos provisionales", "Immigrants Fuel Europe's Civilization Clash", "Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs", "Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants", Spain's Jobs Crisis Leaves Immigrants Out of Work, "The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question", "Junta General del Principado de Asturias", "El semanario alemán Stern retrata la cara más oscura de Mallorca", "Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo - TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional", "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos", "Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE", "Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas", "Spain at last welcomes back the Sephardim", "10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez | Learnodo Newtonic", "Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals", Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain&oldid=1000269324, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1479, States and territories established in 1715, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Catalan-language text, Articles containing Galician-language text, Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles with failed verification from January 2016, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Deputy prime ministers (designated by the Prime Minister): Currently. Seneca was a philosopher residing in Spain during the time of the Roman Empire. Because of the changed diet of an increasingly affluent population, there was a notable increase in the consumption of livestock, poultry, and dairy products. On 25 March, the death toll in Spain was the second highest in the world. On 30 May 1982 Spain joined NATO, followed by a referendum after a strong social opposition. The Republic was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of non-intervention. The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.[72][73]. The Baroque is the most important period for Spanish culture. Franco's rule was also characterised by authoritarianism, promotion of a unitary national identity, National Catholicism, and discriminatory language policies. The result was a country forced into ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean. [202] In 2005, Spain instituted a three-month amnesty programme through which certain hitherto undocumented aliens were granted legal residency.[203]. Dürre in Spanien : Langsam wird das Trinkwasser knapp. [13][18] There have been a number of accounts and hypotheses of its origin: The Renaissance scholar Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word Hispania evolved from the Iberian word Hispalis, meaning "city of the western world". The Kingdom of Castile, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. [81] The most celebrated battles of this war were those of Bruch, in the highlands of Montserrat, in which the Catalan peasantry routed a French army; Bailén, where Castaños, at the head of the army of Andalusia, defeated Dupont; and the sieges of Zaragoza and Girona, which were worthy of the ancient Spaniards of Saguntum and Numantia. Since the 1940s Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar. Vor 100 Jahren waren die Arbeitsbedingungen in Spanien schwerer als heute: - Der Lohn was - Der Arbeitsplatz: waren Fabrik mit viele Leute, Maschinen und keine frische Luft. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—Charles I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). Das Spanische (auch Kastilisch) ist die Mehrheitssprache in Spanien. This lowers the case-fatality ratio. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. [170], The automotive industry is one of the largest employers in the country. The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados), a lower house with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and the Senate (Senado), an upper house with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote, using a limited voting method, and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms. [h] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. Autonomous communities are divided into provinces, which served as their territorial building blocks. Other notable sculptors were Bartolomé Ordóñez, Diego de Siloé, Juan de Juni and Damián Forment. [citation needed], Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and American artistic movements. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the 1992 Summer Olympics that were hosted in Barcelona, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. Miscegenation was the rule between the native and the Spanish cultures and people. Areas relying on non-irrigated cultivation (secano), which made up 85% of the entire crop area, depended solely on rainfall as a source of water. Then a Spanish town, it was conquered by an Anglo-Dutch force in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of Archduke Charles, pretender to the Spanish throne. With Franco's death in November 1975, Juan Carlos succeeded to the position of King of Spain and head of state in accordance with the franquist law. The weakening of the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction in Hispania began in 409, when the Germanic Suebi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian Alans entered the peninsula at the invitation of a Roman usurper. There were two big revolts against the new Habsburg monarch and the more authoritarian and imperial-style crown: Revolt of the Comuneros in Castile and Revolt of the Brotherhoods in Majorca and Valencia. In the Middle Ages Ramon Llull flourished in Spain. On 25 March, the death toll in Spain was the second highest in the world.[114]. EU expenditure and revenue 2014-2020. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. The death of their son Prince John caused the Crown to pass to Charles I (the Emperor Charles V), son of Juana la Loca. On 17 January 1966, a fatal collision occurred between a B-52G and a KC-135 Stratotanker over Palomares. Bevölkerungsdichte: Die Bevölkerungsdichte ist nur bei ungefähr 91 Einwohner pro Quadratkilometer. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Spain lies between latitudes 27° and 44° N, and longitudes 19° W and 5° E. On the west, Spain is bordered by Portugal; on the south, it is bordered by Gibraltar (a British overseas territory) and Morocco, through its exclaves in North Africa (Ceuta and Melilla, and the peninsula of Vélez de la Gomera). Early applications are encouraged. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002. [36] Outside the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to an expansion of agriculture introducing new produces which originally came from Asia or the former territories of the Roman Empire.[37]. [171], By 2016, the automotive industry was generating 8.7 percent of Spain's gross domestic product, employing about nine percent of the manufacturing industry. Spain is organisationally structured as a so-called Estado de las Autonomías ("State of Autonomies"); it is one of the most decentralised countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium;[127] for example, all autonomous communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources. Athanagild, having risen against King Agila, called in the Byzantines and, in payment for the succour they gave him, ceded to them the maritime places of the southeast (554). A handful of small Christian pockets in the north were left out of Muslim rule, along the presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyrenées, eventually led to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre. As of 1 January 2020, the Spanish population increased in 392,921 in 2019, reaching a number of 47,330 million inhabitants. The first circumnavigation of the world was carried out in 1519–1521. The International style was led by groups like GATEPAC. … In the spirit of general "Realism", Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of romanticised or stylised presentations. One of them, the Visigoths, forcibly integrated all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spania, into the Visigothic Kingdom. Source: IEA/OECD, Macias, Rosario Marquez, 1995 La Emigracion espanola a America 1765–1824. Other main airports are located in Majorca (23 million passengers), Málaga (13 million passengers), Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) (11 million passengers), Alicante (10 million passengers) and smaller, with the number of passengers between 4 and 10 million, for example Tenerife (two airports), Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Ibiza, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura. Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia. The Conquest of Navarre occurred in 1512, while the Kingdom of Portugal was also ruled by the Hapsburg Dynasty between 1580 and 1640. After the return of democracy following the death of Franco in 1975, Spain's foreign policy priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand diplomatic relations, enter the European Community, and define security relations with the West. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam,[253] Judaism,[254] and evangelical Christianity[255] is also recognised in law. [264] In addition, Spain has also 14 Intangible cultural heritage, or "Human treasures". The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Britons, Germans, French and others.[218]. 2020 . Sisebut and Suintila completed the expulsion of the Byzantines from Spain. The health care system of Spain (Spanish National Health System) is considered one of the best in the world, in 7th position in the ranking elaborated by the World Health Organization. [171], German companies poured €4.8 billion into Spain in 2015, making the country the second-largest destination for German foreign direct investment behind only the U.S. [146][147], Spain provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its LGBT community. [39] Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' ballistas – powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows. Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after Cyprus, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008. [176] In 2010 Spain became the solar power world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called La Florida, near Alvarado, Badajoz. Wallia extended his rule over most of the peninsula, keeping the Suebians shut up in Galicia. In the North African Spanish autonomous city of Melilla, Riff Berber is spoken by a significant part of the population. In the election held in 1933 the right triumphed and in 1936, the left. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the Policía Autónoma Andaluza[155] in Andalusia or the BESCAM in Madrid. In 1986 Spain joined the European Economic Community, which later became the European Union. Das größte Bevölkerungszentrum in Spanien ist Madrid, dessen Metropolregion eine Bevölkerung von über 6 Millionen Einwohnern aufweist. Täglich neue Angebote für Spanien entdecken! World Health Organisation, World Health Staff, (2000), Haden, Angela; Campanini, Barbara, eds., The world health report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organisation, Prime Minister (President of the Government), the Kingdom of Portugal was also ruled by the Hapsburg Dynasty, fourteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, retroversion of the sovereignty to the people, 1932 failed coup d'état led by José Sanjurjo, under the authority of the Republican government, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, Spanish society after the democratic transition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, List of Spanish autonomous communities by population, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain, Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain, "Acuerdo entre el Reino de España y Nueva Zelanda sobre participación en determinadas elecciones de los nacionales de cada país residentes en el territorio del otro, hecho en Wellington el 23 de junio de 2009", "Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional", "Anuario estadístico de España 2008.
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