frontverlauf ostfront 1943

The Soviet multi-stage summer offensive started with the advance into the Orel salient. 1944–1951 годы // История СССР. The Soviets outnumbered the Germans on average by 5–6:1 in troops, 6:1 in artillery, 6:1 in tanks and 4:1 in self-propelled artillery. D en Zustand der deutschen Ostfront nach der Katastrophe von Stalingrad beschreibt der Bericht eines Armeeoberbefehlshabers vom März 1943. International Military Tribunal at Nurnberg, Germany. After a meeting held in Orsha between the head of the OKH (Army General Staff), General Franz Halder and the heads of three Army groups and armies, decided to push forward to Moscow since it was better, as argued by the head of Army Group Center, Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength. The East Prussian operation, though often overshadowed by the Vistula–Oder operation and the later battle for Berlin, was in fact one of the largest and costliest operations fought by the Red Army throughout the war. Frontverlauf im Norden der Ostfront (Mai 1942 – Januar 1943) Die Dritte Ladoga Schlacht, auch „Schlacht um die Sinjavino Höhen“, war eine militärische Auseinandersetzung südlich des Ladoga Sees an der deutsch sowjetischen Ostfront während des… [citation needed]. [51]:129, In the last year of war, lend-lease data show that about 5.1 million tons of foodstuff left the United States for the Soviet Union. The massacres of Jews and other ethnic minorities were only a part of the deaths from the Nazi occupation. Charles Long, 1965: sfn error: no target: CITEREFGlantz1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGlantzHouse1995 (, Materialien zum Vortrag des Chefs des Wehrmachtführungsstabes vom 7.11.1943 "Die strategische Lage am Anfang des fünften Kriegsjahres", (referenced to KTB OKW, IV, S. 1534 ff. In 1943–44, French payments to Germany may have risen to as much as 55% of French GDP. [62] For example, 1.5 million French soldiers were kept in POW camps in Germany as hostages and forced workers and, in 1943, 600,000 French civilians were forced to move to Germany to work in war plants. London: Greenhill Books. Ostfront 1943: Die vielen Fehler auf dem Weg nach Kursk - WEL Zweiter Weltkrieg Ostfront 1943 Die vielen Fehler auf dem Weg nach Kursk. In der italienischen Stadt Tarvis treffen Reichsaußenminister Joachim von Ribbentrop und sein italienischer Amtskollege Raffaele Guariglia zu einer Unterredung zusammen, die von äußerstem gegenseitigem Misstrauen hinsichtlich der weiteren militärischen Zusammenarbeit geprägt ist. Walter Dunn, "The Soviet Economy and the Red Army", Praeger (30 August 1995), page 50. [51]:122 In addition, the USSR received wartime innovations including penicillin, radar, rocket, precision-bombing technology, the long-range navigation system Loran, and many other innovations. Operation Winter Storm, with three transferred panzer divisions, got going briskly from Kotelnikovo towards the Aksai river but became bogged down 65 km (40 mi) short of its goal. [81], However, by 6 December it became clear that the Wehrmacht did not have the strength to capture Moscow, and the attack was suspended. Für Österreich markierte es das baldige Ende der deutschen Herrschaft. Others say that Stalin was eager for Germany to be at war with capitalist countries. Meanwhile, the 6th Army was driving towards Stalingrad, for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army, which had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. Helmuth Weidling, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviet forces on 2 May. The character of the war was thus determined by the political leaders and their ideology to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II. In the first week of November, on the outskirts of Ordzhonikidze, the 13th Panzer Division's spearhead was snipped off and the panzer troops had to fall back. By 1946, 80 per cent of civilians and 20 per cent of POWs were freed, others were re-drafted, or sent to labour battalions. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders (conquered territories). Some historians say Stalin was fearful of war with Germany, or just did not expect Germany to start a two-front war, and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Rostov was recaptured on 24 July when the 1st Panzer Army joined in, and then that group drove south towards Maikop. What it did accomplish was to destroy many of the aircraft that had been transporting relief supplies to Stalingrad. In the south, the German attempts, in Operation Konrad, to relieve the encircled garrison at Budapest failed and the city fell on 13 February. [64], While German historians do not apply any specific periodisation to the conduct of operations on the Eastern Front, all Soviet and Russian historians divide the war against Germany and its allies into three periods, which are further subdivided into eight major campaigns of the Theatre of war:[65], Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June 1941. [169][157] About 5% of the Soviet prisoners who died were of Jewish ethnicity. For example, while the USSR was able to produce fuel of octane numbers from 70 to 74, Soviet industry only met 4% of demand for fuel of octane numbers from 90+; all aircraft produced after 1939 required fuel of the latter category. Operation Ostfront (German: "Eastern Front") was the sortie into the Arctic Ocean by the German battleship Scharnhorst during World War II. [74] As a part of this policy, the NKVD massacred thousands of anti-Soviet prisoners. According to Time magazine: "By measure of manpower, duration, territorial reach and casualties, the Eastern Front was as much as four times the scale of the conflict on the Western Front that opened with the Normandy invasion. In November 1943 the Arctic Convoys restarted. They were now free to move west towards the British 21st Army Group and north towards the Baltic port of Stralsund. [51]:123 It is estimated that all the food supplies sent to Russia could feed a 12,000,000-man strong army half pound of concentrated food per day, for the entire duration of the war. [51]:129 The massive transfer of equipment and skilled personnel from occupied territories helped further to boost the economic base. [26] Fascist Italy joined the Pact a year later. Quelle und Inhaber: "Das Ostfront Drama 1944" von Rudolf Hinze Hier ein Kartenausschnitt vom Frontverlauf (25.07.1944) Wichtiger Hinweis: Diese Seite verherrlicht nicht die Ereignisse des 2. Stalin's Great Purge of the Red Army in the late 1930s involved the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom the courts convicted and sentenced to death or to imprisonment. [132], Germany had far greater resources than did the USSR, and dwarfed its production in every matrix except for oil, having over five times the USSR's coal production, over three times its iron production, three times its steel production, twice its electricity production, and about 2/3 of its oil production.[133]. 19.11.1943, Freitag. [11] He envisaged settling Germans there, as according to Nazi ideology the Germanic people constituted the "master race", while exterminating or deporting most of the existing inhabitants to Siberia and using the remainder as slave labour. In den Winterschlachten 1943/1944 räumte die Heeresgruppe Nord das Vom Don und Tschir zum Donez (Januar - Juni 1943) ... An der gesamten Ostfront brachte eine deutsche Gegenoffensive durch die Armeeabteilung Kempf am 21.2. bei Dnjepropetrowsk nach Osten wegen der zurückweichenden russischen Truppen einen erheblichen Raumgewinn und eine Abwendung der drohenden Umfassung der Miusfront. When it joined up with the southern elements of Army Group South at Uman, the Group captured about 100,000 Soviet prisoners in a huge encirclement. As the Red Army withdrew behind the Dnieper and Dvina rivers, the Soviet Stavka (high command) turned its attention to evacuating as much of the western regions' industry as it could. Similarly, Russia’s post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. This force was joined by additional paratroopers of the 8th Airborne Brigade at the end of January. Germany, which was an anti-communist régime, formalised its ideological position on 25 November 1936 by signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. In the winter of 1941–1942 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved Army Group Centre from collapse. The Germans cut the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine the Red Army's communications. The German Army Group Centre initially refused to surrender and continued to fight in Czechoslovakia until about 11 May.[108]. Lt.-Gen. Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov's 33rd Army aided by Gen. Belov's 1st Cavalry Corps and Soviet Partisans attempted to seize Vyazma. From the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, political distrust of the military had led to a system of "dual command", with every commander paired with a political commissar, a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union came out of World War II militarily victorious but economically and structurally devastated. Towards the south, the 1st Panzer Army had reached the Caucasian foothills and the Malka River. The distinctly brutal nature of warfare on the Eastern Front was exemplified by an often wilful disregard for human life by both sides. Am 8.1.1943 verlief die Front 5 km südlich von Skassyskaja, in einem Halbbogen um Tazinskaja mit Radius 20 km bis auf den Kagalnik. Another viewpoint is that Stalin expected war in 1942 (the time when all his preparations would be complete) and stubbornly refused to believe its early arrival. German figures for 1941 and 1942 include tanks only. Hitler's direction of the war ultimately proved disastrous for the German Army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end. The Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in aircraft over their enemy. German losses in this period of the war remain impossible to determine with any reliability. The Southwestern Front and Southern Front were to defeat the Army Group South. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of the European portion of World War II with up to 8.7 - 10 million military deaths on the Soviet side (although, depending on the criteria used, casualties in the Far East theatre may have been similar in number). "[126], Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. The Germans had transferred some units to France to counter the invasion of Normandy two weeks before. Stiff resistance caused a change of direction from east to west of the front, but the tanks got 25 km (16 mi) before encountering the reserves of the Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army outside Prokhorovka. [84]:58–59, The Wehrmacht rallied, retaining a salient at Rzhev. As a rule, the maximum in loot was extracted. Hallo Forum, ich habe ein Foto meines Vaters aus dem Russlandfeldzug, wo auf die Rückseite beschriftet ist wie folgt: 18.03.1942 Roduja (auf der Vorderseite ist er mit Kameraden in weißer Kampfkleidung abgebildet). [85] A simultaneous offensive on the Rzhev sector known as Operation Mars was supposed to advance to Smolensk, but was a costly failure, with German tactical defences preventing any breakthrough. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Anlass dazu ist der Ausbruch der sowjet. Apart from the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, it marked the only military action of the Soviet Union against Imperial Japan; at the Yalta Conference, it had agreed to Allied pleas to terminate the neutrality pact with Japan and enter the Second World War's Pacific theatre within three months after the end of the war in Europe. Larger units had military councils consisting of the commander, commissar and chief of staff – commissars ensured the loyalty of the commanding officers and implemented Party orders. Memorandum for the President's Special Assistant Harry Hopkins, Washington, D.C., 10 August 1943: In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. After a 120-kilometre (75 mi) advance in January and February, the Leningrad Front had reached the borders of Estonia. 227, issued on 28 July 1942, threatened commanders who retreated without orders with punishment by court-martial. Nach den im Gebiet der Ostsee relativ ruhigen Kriegsjahren 1940 bis 1943, ändert sich zu Beginn des Jahres 1944 die Situation in der Ostsee schlagartig. After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealised by Soviet historians as the largest tank battle of all time. The Eastern Front was the largest and bloodiest theatre of World War II. In 1943–44, French payments to Germany may have risen to as much as 55% of French GDP. On 12 July the Red Army battled through the demarcation line between the 211th and 293rd divisions on the Zhizdra River and steamed towards Karachev, right behind them and behind Orel. After two weeks' of heavy fighting, the 1st Panzer managed to escape the pocket, at the cost of losing almost the entire heavy equipment. By the end of August 1944, it had cost the Germans ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing and sick, from whom 160,000 were captured, as well as 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. The Soviets incrementally upgraded existing designs, and simplified and refined manufacturing processes to increase production, and were helped by a mass infusion of harder to produce goods such as aviation fuel, machine tools, trucks, and high-explosives from Lend-Lease, allowing them to concentrate on a few key industries. By the time the 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under Vasily Chuikov) had stiffened. In areas such as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940) the Wehrmacht was tolerated by a relatively more significant part of the native population. [164] According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 75,700 aircraft on the Eastern front.[165]. The Red Army advanced from the Don 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through Kursk (retaken on 8 February 1943) and Kharkov (retaken 16 February 1943). [24][27] Soviet Union negotiated treaties of mutual assistance with France and with Czechoslovakia with the aim of containing Germany's expansion. To fulfill demands, the USSR depended on American assistance, both in finished products and TEL. Soviet intelligence reported that Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire[48] or after an unacceptable ultimatum demanding German occupation of Ukraine during the German invasion of Britain.[49]. [51]:133–4, Prof. Dr. Albert L. Weeks conclude: 'As to attempts to sum up the importance of those four-year-long shipments of Lend-Lease for the Russian victory on the Eastern Front in World War II, the jury is still out – that is, in any definitive sense of establishing exactly how crucial this aid was.'[51]:123. [citation needed], The Soviets lost 96,500 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, as well as 37,600 other armoured vehicles (such as armoured cars and semi-tracked trucks) for a total of 134,100 armoured vehicles lost. This refusal to take necessary action was instrumental in the destruction of major portions of the Red Air Force, lined up on its airfields, in the first days of the German-Soviet war. Polish Armed Forces in the East, initially consisting of Poles from Eastern Poland or otherwise in the Soviet Union in 1939–1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944–1945. page 32), Земское В.Н. [61] In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium. Anti-Soviet Finland, which had fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union, also joined the offensive. The Wehrmacht forces were also assisted by anti-Communist partisans in places like Western Ukraine, and the Baltic states. Great Patriotic War 1941–1945, Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation, World War II Eastern Front Order Of Battle, Don't forget how the Soviet Union saved the world from Hitler, Images depicting conditions in the camps for Soviet POW, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust, Moscow military parade on Victory Day in the Great Patriotic War 1941–45, Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia, 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense, Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)&oldid=1000301686, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2019, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles needing additional references from March 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles needing additional references from March 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 3,050,000 Germans, 67,000 (northern Norway); 500,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians, 2,680,000 active in Western Military Districts out of, 2,600,000 Germans, 90,000 (northern Norway); 600,000 Romanians, Hungarians, and Italians, 3,403,000 Germans, 80,000 (northern Norway); 400,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians and Hungarians, 2,460,000 Germans, 60,000 (northern Norway); 300,000 Finns, 550,000 Romanians and Hungarians, 4,059,000 (military personnel only)–5,700,000, 58% of the USSR's high octane aviation fuel, 53% of USSR domestic production of expended ordnance (artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives), 93% of railway equipment (locomotives, freight cars, wide gauge rails, etc. [124] More than 600 villages like Khatyn were burned with their entire population. Throughout the 1930s the Soviet Union underwent massive industrialisation and economic growth under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. ), "Strategische Lage im Frühjahr 1944", Jodl, Vortrag 5 May 1944. After several days of heavy fighting the Soviet 1BF and 1UF punched holes through the German front line and were fanning out across central Germany. But the over-riding objective was to capture Berlin. April überschritten die ersten US-Soldaten die Grenze zu Tirol. [110] It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined. Battle was joined on 12 July, with about one thousand tanks being engaged. Because of Stalin's suspicions about the intentions of the Western Allies to hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet sphere of influence, the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. The German forces on the Mius, now comprising the 1st Panzer Army and a reconstituted 6th Army, were by August too weak to repulse a Soviet attack on their own front, and when the Red Army hit them they retreated all the way through the Donbass industrial region to the Dnieper, losing half the farmland that Germany had invaded the Soviet Union to exploit. [30][31] This, as well as the reluctance of the British and French governments to sign a full-scale anti-German political and military alliance with the USSR,[32] led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in late August 1939. Adolf Hitler had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations Commissioner, by saying: Everything I undertake is directed against the Russians. Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. Stalin's five-year plans of the 1930s had resulted in the industrialisation of the Urals and central Asia. Stalin and Hitler both disregarded human life in order to achieve their goal of victory. The meeting engagement at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. as part of their program aiming to exterminate all European Jews.[20]. Oktober erreichte die Komet eine Geschwindigkeit von 1.004,5 km/h. Many hundreds of thousands of Soviet civilians were executed, and millions more died from starvation as the Germans requisitioned food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses. Under shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking, fought their way across the river to safety, although at the cost of half their number and all their equipment. [57] In 1941, Germany only had 18% of the oil it had in peacetime. This date is celebrated as a national holiday – Victory Day – in Russia (as part of a two-day 8–9 May holiday) and some other post-Soviet countries. [72] 400,000 Soviet prisoners were captured as Kiev was surrendered on 19 September.[72]. [105] Altogether, the Berlin operation (16 April – 2 May) cost the Red Army 361,367 casualties (dead, wounded, missing and sick) and 1,997 tanks and assault guns. The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union (USSR), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. Ivan Ivanovich Vernidub, Boepripasy pobedy, 1998, A History of Romanian Oil, Vol. [103][104], On 29 and 30 April, as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married Eva Braun and then committed suicide by taking cyanide and shooting himself. It was centered at Banská Bystrica. Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production was greater than the Germans (in 1943, the Soviet Union manufactured 24,089 tanks and self-propelled guns to Germany's 19,800). [78], Army Group South pushed down from the Dnieper to the Sea of Azov coast, also advancing through Kharkov, Kursk, and Stalino. North of the Arctic Circle, a German–Finnish force set out for Murmansk but could get no further than the Zapadnaya Litsa River, where they settled down. Along Army Group Centre's front, August 1943 saw this force pushed back from the Hagen line slowly, ceding comparatively little territory, but the loss of Bryansk, and more importantly Smolensk, on 25 September cost the Wehrmacht the keystone of the entire German defensive system. [44] About 15–20% of total German strength were foreign troops (from allied countries or conquered territories). This opened up their places to the promotion of many younger officers that Stalin and the NKVD regarded as in line with Stalinist politics. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army fronts, the Red Army launched the Vistula–Oder Offensive across the Narew River and from Warsaw. But if we speak today in Europe of new land, we can primarily only to Russia and the border states subjects him think." Menschenverluste der Wehrmacht an der „Ostfront“ Auch wenn viele Menschen in Deutschland, insbesondere aus der jüngeren Generation, nur ... Jan. 1943 82.186 1.275 11 83.472 Feb. 1943 91.547 553 67 92.167 März 1943 123.353 707 35 124.095 April 1943 35.930 545 40 36.515 The combined German and Romanian forces moved into the Crimea and took control of all of the peninsula by autumn (except Sevastopol, which held out until 3 July 1942). The nascent national liberation movements among Ukrainians and Cossacks, and others were viewed by Hitler with suspicion; some, especially those from the Baltic States, were co-opted into the Axis armies and others brutally suppressed. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. Am 29. [55] Overall, Germany imported 20% of its food and 33% of its raw materials from conquered territories and Axis allies. [33] The separate Tripartite Pact between what became the three prime Axis Powers would not be signed until some four years after the Anti-Comintern Pact. Ich habe eine Frage hat jemand zufällig von euch alte Karten von der Ostfront 1945? März 1945, nach dem schnellen Vorstoß entlang der B58 nach Haltern (Kartenausschnitt, vergrößerbar) The war was fought between Nazi Germany, its allies and Finland, against the Soviet Union and its allies. Officers with initiative were replaced with yes-men or with fanatical Nazis. Most civilians were left to make their own way east, with only industry-related workers evacuated with the equipment; much of the population was left behind to the mercy of the invading forces. Adolf Hitler had argued in his autobiography Mein Kampf (1925) for the necessity of Lebensraum ("living space"): acquiring new territory for Germans in Eastern Europe, in particular Russia. [76] Army Group North positioned itself in front of Leningrad and attempted to cut the rail link at Mga to the east. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on 23 August but for the next three months the Wehrmacht would be fighting the Battle of Stalingrad street-by-street. Subsequently, when Germany in its turn surrendered to the Allies (November 1918) and these territories became independent states under the terms of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 at Versailles, Soviet Russia was in the midst of a civil war and the Allies did not recognise the Bolshevik government, so no Soviet Russian representation attended.[7]. The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. The populations of occupied Central Europe and the Soviet Union were to be partially deported to West Siberia, enslaved and eventually exterminated; the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanized" settlers. 2. In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti. [5] The German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. [citation needed], "Great Patriotic War" redirects here. The war ended on 9 May 1945, when Germany's armed forces surrendered unconditionally following the Battle of Berlin (also known as the Berlin Offensive), a strategic operation executed by the Red Army. From there Hungary became a. Of the estimated 70–85 million deaths attributed to World War II, around 30 million occurred on the Eastern Front, including 9 million children. Auch im äußersten Norden der Ostfront verschob sich der Frontverlauf während der Winteroffensive 200 Kilometer nach Westen, nachdem er zwei Jahre lang nahezu unverändert geblieben war. I am expecting from you the utmost severity towards the native population. November 1943 transportiert die Baltische Flotte (Adm. Tributs) unter Leitung von Admiral Levchenko mit Kleinfahrzeugen die sowjet. Order 25 of 15 January 1943 introduced shoulderboards for all ranks; this represented a significant symbolic step, since after the Russian Revolution of 1917 shoulderboards had connotations as a symbol of the old Tsarist régime. The Leningrad Front, the Volkhov Front and the right wing forces of the Northwestern Front were to rout the Army Group North." [166] The other main group of men joining the German army were citizens of the Baltic countries annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 or from Western Ukraine. [citation needed] The Eastern Front was also made possible by the German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement in which the Soviet Union gave Germany the resources necessary to launch military operations in Eastern Europe. Certainly, the peace negotiations in April had gone nowhere. To the north, the Red Army surrounded a German garrison in Demyansk, which held out with air supply for four months, and established themselves in front of Kholm, Velizh, and Velikie Luki.

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